Islam Mein Yateemon Ki Kifalat Ki Fazilat
Allah Ta’ala Quran-e-Kareem mein farmata hai:
“Aur woh tum se (Aye Nabi) sharab aur juwe ke mutalliq sawal karte hain. Keh do: “In mein bada gunah hai, aur logon ke liye (kuch) faide bhi hain, lekin inka gunah inke faide se zyada hai.” Aur woh tum se puchte hain ke woh kya kharch karen. Keh do: “Jo tumhari zarooraton se zyada ho (extra maal).” Isi tarah Allah tumhare liye apne ahkam wazeh karta hai taake tum gaur karo.” (Duniya ki) is zindagi aur Aakhirat mein. Aur woh tum se yateemon ke mutalliq sawal karte hain. Keh do: “Behtareen cheez yeh hai ke tum unke maal mein imandari se kaam karo, aur agar tum apne mamlaat unke sath mila lo, to woh tumhare bhai hain. Aur Allah janta hai jo fasad ka irada rakhta hai (maslan unka maal hadapna) us se jo bhalai ka irada rakhta hai (maslan unka maal bachana). Aur agar Allah chahta, to woh tumhe mushkil mein daal deta. Beshak, Allah zabardast, hikmat wala hai.”[1]
Abu Huraira (Radi Allahu ‘Anhu) se riwayat hai ke Allah ke Rasool (Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam) ne farmaya: “Jo shakhs yateem ki dekh bhaal karta hai, chahe woh uska rishtedar ho ya na ho, main aur woh Jannat mein is tarah honge,” aur (Imam) Malik ne apni shahadat ki ungli aur beech ki ungli ko qareeb kar ke ishara kiya.[2]
Abu Huraira (Radi Allahu ‘Anhu) se riwayat hai ke Allah ke Rasool (Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam) ne farmaya: “Aye Allah, gawah rehna ke maine do kamzoron ke huqooq (ki adaigi mein nakami) ke mutalliq tanbeeh jari ki hai: Yateem aur auraten.”[3]
Bachche Ko Adopt Karne Ki Nabawi Hidayaat[4]
Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem,
Kisi doosre ke bachche ko adopt karna (goud lena), uski parwarish karna, uski taleem-o-tarbiyat ka khayal rakhna aur uske sath narmi aur achha sulook karna bahut fazilat wala aur qabil-e-tareef amal hai. Agar bachcha yateem ho aur uska koi sahara na ho, to iska sawab aur bhi zyada hai.
Imam Bukhari ne apni Sahih mein ek Hadith riwayat ki hai, ke Allah ke Rasool (Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam) ne farmaya: “Main aur yateem ka kafalat karne wala Jannat mein is tarah honge,” aur Nabi (Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam) ne apni shahadat ki ungli ko apni beech ki ungli se milaya. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
Iska matlab yeh hai ke jo shakhs yateem ki dekh bhaal karta hai, woh Jannat mein Nabi (Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam) ke bahut qareeb hoga.
Yeh hamare pyare Nabi (Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam) ki ek aisi Sunnat hai jispar bhut kam amal kiya jata hai, aur hamein yaqeenan khud ko aur doosron ko is baare mein targheeb deni chahiye.
Lekin, hamesha yeh zehen mein rakhna chahiye ke Shariat ke mutabiq, adopt kiye gaye bachche ka nasab (nasli rishta) adopt karne wale walidain se qaim nahi hota. Bachche ko adopt karne ka Shariat mein koi qanooni asar nahi hota. Bachche ko uske haqeeqi walidain (biological parents) ke siwa kisi aur ki taraf mansoob nahi karna chahiye, adopt kiye huwe walidain ki taraf bhi nahi.
Yeh ek bunyadi usool aur hukm hai jo Quran-e-Kareem ne bayan kiya hai. Jahiliyyat (Islam se pehle ka daur) ke log adopt kiye gaye bachche ko har lihaz se haqeeqi bachcha samajhte the.
Quran ne is amal ki mazammat in ayaat se ki hai: “Aur usne (Allah ne) tumhare goud liye (adopt kiye) hue beton ko tumhare (haqeeqi) bete nahi banaya. Yeh to sirf tumhari zaban ki baat hai. Aur Allah tumhe seedhi raah dikhata hai. Unhe unke (haqeeqi) baapon ke naam se pukaro. Yeh Allah ke nazdeek zyada insaf ki baat hai.” (Quran, Surah Al-Ahzab: 4,5)
Allah ke Rasool (Sallallahu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam) ne Sahabi Zaid ibn Haritha ko adopt kiya tha, isliye doosre Sahaba shuru mein unhe “Zaid ibn Muhammad” kehte the. Jab Quran ki mazkoora ayat nazil hui, to unhone dobara unhe “Zaid ibn Haritha” kehna shuru kar diya.
Shariat ke is ahem usool ke pesh-e-nazar, darj zail nuqtaat ko mad-e-nazar rakhna zaroori hai:
- Qanooni taur pe adopt karna (Legal adoption) jaiz nahi hai. Iska matlab yeh hai ke koi shakhs adopt kiye gaye bachche ka nasab (lineage) tabdeel nahi kar sakta aur uske haqeeqi walidain ke naam ki jagah adopt karne wale walidain ka naam nahi laga sakta. Bachche ko hamesha uske haqeeqi walidain se mansoob karna chahiye taake logon mein yeh aam tour par maloom ho sake ke uske haqeeqi walidain kaun hain.
- Agar adopt karne wali maa adopt kiye gaye bachche ko doodh pilati hai, to woh unka raza’i bachcha (foster child) ban jata hai. Is soorat mein bachcha nikah (shadi) aur hijab ke qawaid ke lihaz se haqeeqi bachchon ki tarah hoga, yani bachcha raza’i walidain se shadi nahi kar sakta, na hi raza’i walidain ke kisi bachche se. Tahum, wirasat ke lihaz se, bachcha khandan se wirasat nahi payega.[5]
- Agar adopt karne wali maa adopt kiye gaye bachche ko doodh nahi pilati, to raza’at ka rishta qaim nahi hoga aur bachcha nikah aur hijab ke lihaz se doosre bachchon ki tarah shumar hoga. Ek adopt kiya hua bachcha apne adopt karne wale walidain aur unke bachchon se shadi kar sakta hai. Agar ek ladke ko aurat adopt karti hai, to usay baligh hone ke baad us se hijab karna hoga aur iske bar-aks bhi. Adopt kiya hua bachcha (baligh hone ke baad) adopt karne wale walidain ke bachchon se bhi hijab karega.
- Ek adopt kiya hua bachcha apne adopt karne wale walidain se wirasat nahi payega aur wirasat ke mamle mein adopt kiye gaye bachche ko haqeeqi bachcha samajhna ghalat hai. Tahum, yeh yaad rakhna chahiye ke agarche bachcha god lene wale walidain se wirasat nahi pa sakta, lekin apni zindagi mein uske haq mein wasiyat (bequest) karna jaiz hai, balkay mustahab hai. Yeh “wasiyat” bachche ke liye apni daulat ke ek tihai (one third, 33%) hisse tak ki ja sakti hai, bashartike bachcha pehle se wirasat ki fehrist mein shamil na ho.
- Adopt kiye gaye bachche ko uske haqeeqi walidain se milne ki ijazat dena zaroori hai. Unhe milne se rokna aur koi rukawat paida karna zulm samjha jayega.
- Adopt kiye gaye bachchon ke sath achha sulook aur rawaiya ikhtiyar karna chahiye, khaas taur par agar woh yateem hon. Agar koi shakhs adopt kiye gaye bachche ki sahih tareeqe se dekh bhaal nahi kar sakta, to usay adopt nahi karna chahiye, warna usay sawab ke bajaye saza milegi.
- Adopt kiye gaye bachche ka maal, jo abhi baligh nahi hua hai, mehfooz rakhna chahiye. Agar bachche par paisa kharch karne ki zaroorat ho, to uske maal ko us par istemal kiya ja sakta hai. Tahum, isay nihayat ehtiyat se kharch karna chahiye aur koi fuzool kharchi nahi honi chahiye. Bachche ke maal se qarz nahi liya ja sakta, na hi usay sadqa mein diya ja sakta hai.[6]
(Translated by Mohammed bin Thajammul Hussain Manna from English to Roman Urdu.)
[1] Quran 2:219-220.
[2] Sahih Muslim 2983, Sahih Al-Bukhari 5304.
[3] Sunan Ibn Majah 3678 (Sahih (Al-Albani)).
[4] Yeh article Daruliftaa.com (Jo Fiqh-e-Hanafi par mabni hai) unke sawal-o-jawab “Bache ko god lena ka fiqh kya hai?” se liya gaya tha. [Mukammal jawab ka link: islamqa.org/hanafi/daruliftaa/7643/the-fiqh-of-adopting-a-child/] Asal sawal-o-jawab English mein thay, jiska tarjuma hamne Roman Urdu mein kiya hai.
[5] Shaikh Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid: Jis bachche ko ek aurat (kamsekam) paanch martaba doodh pilaye, do saal ki umar se pehle, to woh us aurat ka doodh shareek bachcha ban jata hai aur woh aurat uski (doodh pilane wali) maa ban jati hai. Uska shohar (doodh ka malik) us bachche ka (doodh shareek) baap ban jata hai, aur har woh shakhs jisay is aurat ne doodh pilaya ho, woh uska (doodh shareek) bhai ya (doodh shareek) behan ban jata hai, aur isi tarha waghaira waghaira. Yeh is riwayat ki wajah se hai jo Imam Muslim (1425) ne Aisha (Radi Allahu Anha) se bayan ki hai, unhone farmaya: “Jab Qur’an pehli baar nazil hua, to doodh pilane ki tadad jo bachche ko rishtedar (Mahram) banati thi, das thi, phir isay mansookh kar diya gaya aur iski jagah paanch ki tadad muqarrar ki gayi jo mashhoor hai.” (islamqa.info|27280)
[6] Answer to a question posed to Mufti Muhammad ibn Adam, Darul-Iftaa, Leicester , UK.
Saheehus-Seerah 