Question: Is Al-Hijamah (cupping) from The Sunnah?

Answer by Shaikh Abdul Azeez bin Abdullah bin Baaz (Rahimahullah):

Yes (Hijamah is a Sunnah), if (done as a cure when) needed, and in the Hadith: “The best of remedies you can use is cupping and cauterization,” narrated by Sahih Muslim.

Question: In which areas did the Prophet ﷺ perform cupping?
Answer: It is well known that he (the Prophet) performed cupping on his head, peace and blessings be upon him.

(Translated by Mohammed Manna.)

HISTORY OF ISLAM
Recorded from the lecture of Manna Sir.

#Lecture 2 (3/9/2023)

RIGHTS OF PEOPLE UPON THE RULER

Sahih Muslim 142 g
It has been narrated on the authority of Abu Malik that Ubaidullah b. Ziyad visited Ma’qil b. Yaser in the latter’s illness. Ma’qil said to him:
I am narrating to you a tradition. If I were not at death’s door, I would not narrate it to you. I heard the Messenger of Allah (may peace he upon him) say: A ruler who, having obtained control over the affairs of the Muslims, does not strive for their betterment and does not serve them sincerely shall not enter Paradise with them.

Sahih Muslim 1829 a
It has been narrated on the authority of Ibn ‘Umar that the Prophet (May be upon him) said: Beware. every one of you is a shepherd and every one is answerable with regard to his flock. The Caliph is a shepherd over the people and shall be questioned about his subjects (as to how he conducted their affairs).

(Referring to the Hadith of ‘Seven under the shade of Allah’s Arsh:) If he is just in the sight of Allah and deals with people in justice then he can be amongst the one who will be under the shade of Allah’s arsh on a day when there will be no shade except His.

KHILAFAH OF ABU BAKR AS-SIDDIQ رضى الله عنه
When the messenger ﷺ passed away, the Muhajireen and the Ansaar gathered in the hall of Banu Saeeda in order to choose a khalifah. Ansar wanted the khilafah for themselves because they helped the Messenger ﷺ and gave him refuge. Abu Bakr رضى الله عنه came with two other Sahabah and reminded them of the hadith that leadership is for Quraish so the Ansaar being the sincere companions of the Prophet ﷺ gave up their request for leadership.

The Banu Hashim wanted to be consulted in the matter of the Caliphate, there was some sadness within Ali and Az-Zubair (رضي الله عنهما) with regards to not being consulted, Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq explained that the matter needed urgent attention and hence they had to decide it quickly.

In the end, all the Sahabah agreed for Abu Bakr رضى الله عنه to lead them as The Caliph since he was the one who led prayers during the life of Nabi ﷺ and the Sahaba thought that the Messenger ﷺ was satisfied with Abu Bakr’s Deen, hence they will chose him for their matters of The Dunya رضى الله عنه . On the 13 of Rabi’ Awwal people pledged allegiance for Abu Bakr رضى الله عنه the first to pledge being Umar رضى الله عنه.

Ali (رضي الله عنه) anhu took the allegiance a little late after the death of Fatimah (رضي الله عنها) according to most historians but what is authentic is that after she passed away he renewed his allegiance.

Az-Zubair (رضي الله عنه) also delayed allegiance since they were not consulted for choosing the Caliphate so Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu explained to them the reason.

VIRTUES AND MERITS:

He is Abu Bakr Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa Uthman ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka’b ibn Sa’d ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka’b ibn Lu’ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr. He is from the tribe of Banu Taym and a Quraishi. His lineage meets with that of Nabi ﷺ at Murrah ibn Ka’b. His mother’s name was Salma bint Sakhr bint Amr. He was born after 2 years after the birth of Nabi ﷺ.

Even in Jahiliyah he had virtuous ways and noble character. He was a close friend of the Messenger ﷺ.
He was the first among the adult men to accept Islam.

Hadith: Anyone I invited to islam hesitated except for Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu
(Without a doubt this excludes Khadeejah , Zaid, Ali radiyallahu anhum, etc.)

When the mushrikeen of Mecca were oppressing the slaves upon accepting islam it was Abu Bakr (رضي الله عنه) who spent his wealth to free them. From the slaves he freed was Bilal, Amir bim Fuhayrah etc. (رضي الله عنهم).

When the oppression upon the muslims increased Abu Bakr (رضي الله عنه) decided to migrate to Habsha(Ethiopia). More than 100 muslims had already left when he left Mecca and reached a place outside Mecca Ibn Dagheenah (a mushrik) stopped him from making Hijrah and said that a person like Abu Bakr can’t be expelled so he went to the Quraish and took his protection upon himself.
Quraish agreed upon certain conditions that they won’t harm him if he prays inside his house. Since he would cry when praying and reciting The Qur’an outside his house and people would watch him, they feared that people would accept Islam.
So the Quraish complained to Ibn Dageenah to either fulfill the conditions or cancel the pact of protection. So Ibn Dagheenah went to Abu Bakr and advised him but he freed himself from his protection and said that the pact of Allah’s protection is enough.

Quraish could not harm Abu Bakr earlier because harming him would be harming a tribe since we was under protection but now they will be able to do so.

Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu later migrated to Medina with the messenger ﷺ. When they were in Ghar Thawr the Mushrikeen came so close to it that if they would peep down they could have found them.

Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu got scared so Nabi ﷺ said to him, “Do not grieve Allah is with us.”
إِذْ هُمَا فِى ٱلْغَارِ إِذْ يَقُولُ لِصَٰحِبِهِۧ لَا تَحْزَنْ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ مَعَنَاۖ
(Taubah:40)

Later after migrating Nabi ﷺ consummated his marriage with Aisha bint Abi Bakr in Madinah when she was 9 (She was married in Makkah at 6). Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu would accompany the messenger ﷺ in every battle. He was also one of the flag carriers during the expedition to Tabuk. He was appointed the leader of muslims for Hajj in the 9th year of Hijrah. When Nabi ﷺ passed away he ordered him to lead the people in prayer which was sign for his khilafah.

HIS CHILDREN
1. Abdullah, who was injured at taif and passed away in the life of Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu when he was a khalifah.
2. Asma, wife of Zubair bin Awwam.
3. Abdur Rahman
4. Ayesha
5. Muhammad
6. Umm Kulthum who was born after his death.
Radiyallahu anhum

Regarding his son Muhammad bin Abu Bakr whether he was a sahabi aur taba’ee there are differences of opinion.

He was fair, sparse beard, very slim. He used to dye his hair with henna and katam. When the messenger ﷺ was about to pass away he was in Ath-Thur when he heard about his death he immediately came.

Initially he used to work without a wage as a khalifah but later the sahaba decided to give him a salary from bait ul maal so that he can fully devote himself as a khalifah. He was given 6000 dirhams on a yearly basis.

HOW DID HE SERVE ISLAM DURING HIS KHILAFAH
There was a problem when he became a khalifah. Many tribes left islam claiming different things about the messenger ﷺ. Some claimed to be prophets and their tribes readily accepted them. Among them is Musailamah Al-Kazzab, Sajah At-Tameemiyah (Female Prophetess!), Tulayha bin Khuwaylid Al-Asadi, Aswad Al-Ansi from Yemen. Some of them had a very large following.
Some tribes wrote letters to Khalifah that they won’t be paying zakah from now onwards because Nabi ﷺ would make dua for us and now he is no more.

This issue posed a fitnah for the muslims. Except for Mecca, Medina and Taif all the other Arab regions fell from the hands of Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu.

Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu handled these situations wisely and courageously. It was a test for Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu which he passed successfully.

While all this was happening in the background the sahaba suggested to Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu to not send the army to Rome which Nabi ﷺ sent before his death. But Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu decided to resume sending the army of Osama bin Zaid (رضي الله عنهما) which the Prophet ﷺ sent in his lifetime but they stopped half way upon hearing the death of Prophet ﷺ.
Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu said he can’t stop an army sent by Prophet ﷺ and sent the army of Osama radiyallahu anhu to Rome.
Umar radiyallahu anhu came to him as a representative of other sahabas and asked Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu to change Osama and appoint someone else instead of him since he was just 16/17 yrs old. Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu became angry and refused.

Osama radiyallahu anhu returned victorious bringing loads of booty from there.
When Osama bin Zaid was departing for Rome Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu accompanied him walking. So Osama radiyallahu anhu said O khalifatu rasoolillah either you ride or I’ll come down. But Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu refused and said why shouldn’t I dust my feet for a while in the path of Allah. In each step a mujahid makes in the path of Allah there are in each step 700 rewards recorded in his favour, 700 ranks raised and 700 sins wiped off.
He gave him long advice with regards to the ethics of war and then bid him off.

REBEL TRIBES
They were those who refused to pay the zakah there were some from Banu Tameem, Banu Hawazin and others.
Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu waged war against them for the rejection of zakat was like rejection of any other pillar.

Sahih Muslim 20
It is narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira that when the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) breathed his last and Abu Bakr was appointed as his successor (Caliph), those amongst the Arabs who wanted to become apostates became apostates. ‘Umar b. Khattab said to Abu Bakr:

Why would you fight against the people, when the Messenger of Allah declared: I have been directed to fight against people so long as they do not say: There is no god but Allah, and he who professed it was granted full protection of his property and life on my behalf except for a right? His (other) affairs rest with Allah. Upon this Abu Bakr said: By Allah, I would definitely fight against him who severed prayer from Zakat, for it is the obligation upon the rich. By Allah, I would fight against them even to secure the cord (used for hobbling the feet of a camel) which they used to give to the Messenger of Allah (as zakat) but now they have withheld it. Umar b. Khattab remarked: By Allah, I found nothing but the fact that Allah had opened the heart of Abu Bakr for (perceiving the justification of) fighting (against those who refused to pay Zakat) and I fully recognized that the (stand of Abu Bakr) was right.

Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu started gathering the sahaba for war council. He didn’t fear the blame of the blamers nor did he fear the huge number of his enemies. He had to take steps to protect Islam. For this he did two things:
– wrote letters of advice to them
– sent armies against them

يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِن تَنصُرُوا اللَّهَ يَنصُرْكُمْ وَيُثَبِّتْ أَقْدَامَكُمْ
O you who believe! If you help (in the cause of) Allah, He will help you, and make your foothold firm.
(Muhammad:7)

Is it allowed to force people to come back to Islam if they have become apostates?
They are given 3 days to repent and come back to Islam otherwise they are to be killed.

The commander in chief of Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu’s armies was Khalid bin Al-Waleed radiyallahu anhu.

He accepted Islam in the 8th year of Hijrah and participated in 2 wars against the muslims (battle of Uhud and Khandaq).
He was the one (according to some weak reports) who attacked the muslims in the battle of Uhud from the back of the mountain.

Later he went to Medina and accepted Islam. In the lifetime of the Prophet ﷺ, his first battle was Battle of Muta’ah and Nabi ﷺ called it a victory 3000 Muslims against ~50,000 Romans. Although it was a draw.

Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu assembled 11 armies, one he gave to Khalid bin Waleed radiyallahu anhu.

The sword of Allah Khalid bin Waleed radiyallahu anhu said, “If I were to marry a beautiful woman whom I love, or if I were given the good news of having a newborn son, it is less beloved and dear to my heart than to be, in a cold icy night, in an army of the Muhajireen waiting to meet the enemy the next morning.”
(Fadail As Sahaba of Imam Ahmad, authenticated by Sh.Wasiullah Abbas, Translated By Mohammed Manna.)

Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu sent him to Tulayhah Al-Asadi after that to zakat rejecters.
Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl was sent to Musailamah Al Kazzab.
( Ikrimah radiyallahu anhu accepted Islam after fath Mecca. Everyone surrendered but he escaped Mecca in a boat. While he was on the boat, in the middle of the journey there was a sea storm and the people inside the boat started calling solely upon Allah. Upon witnessing this Ikrimah radiyallahu anhu thought in times of ease we call upon our idols but in the time of difficulty we call upon Allah. So he said to Allah that if He stops this storm he will go back to Mecca and accept Islam. This is what happened and Ikrimah radiyallahu anhu accepted Islam. He was given a notice to be killed. He became so sincere that he participated in every battle and dies fighting in the battle of Yarmuk during the era of Umar radiyallahu anhu when the Roman army attacked and surrounded the camps of women and Ikrimah radiyallahu anhu said that who gives me a pledge to fight until death. He fought bravely till the Roman attack was repulsed and Ikrimah was martyred by the end of the day.)

Shurahbil bin Hasanah was sent to Musailamah Al-Kazzab.
Muhajir Abi Umayya was sent to Aswad Al-Ansi and Yemen.
Hudaifa ibn Mihsan Al-Ghalfani to the people of Dhaba.
Arfaja bin Hasanah to the people of Mahra.
Suwayd bin Muqarrin to Tihamah in Yemen.
Ala ibn Al-Hadrami to Bahrain (Bahrain in the seerah means the region from the south of Kuwait all the way up to the coast of Muscat. Not the modern day nation of Bahrain.)
Turaifa bin Hijaz to Banu Sulaim and Banu Hawazin in Taif.
Amr bin Al Aas to Quda’ah.
Khalid bin Saeed bin Aas to the borders of Shaam (Shaam or Greater Levant included -Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, South Turkey.)

Abu Bakr radiyallahu anhu sent advice to apostates and then similar letters to the muslim commanders as to how to deal with the apostates.

– Notes made by Samreen Fatima bint Naseem Ahmed.

[Lesson 1 Notes Here: https://authenticseerah.wordpress.com/2023/09/02/history-of-islam-session-1-summarized-notes/ ]

Question: What is the truth about the stance of Ahlus-Sunnah-wal-Jamah with regards to the Khurooj (rebellion) of Al-Husayn bin Ali (رضي الله عنه) against Yazeed bin Muawiyah? Was it right or wrong on his part to do so? And is it right to call the actions of Al-Husayn as Khurooj (rebellion)?

Answer: Alhamdulillah wa Salallahu wa Sallam ‘Ala Muhammad, Amma ba’d,

And what is known with regards to the account of Al-Husayn ibn Ali’s (رضي الله عنه) leaving from Makkah to Iraq, is that he had received letters from the people of Iraq, inviting him to pledge allegiance (at his hands) and seek their support against the injustice inflicted upon them by Ubaidullah ibn Ziyad [*1].

They pursuaded Al-Husayn to join them, however the people of Iraq betrayed him. And he had been advised about this matter (to not leave towards Iraq) by some of the companions in Makkah, such as Ibn Umar, Ibn Abbas, and others (رضي الله عنهم) . They bid him farewell with poetic verses, indicating that he would be killed. [*2]

And this is an evidence that they indeed saw that his (Al-Husayn’s) Khurooj (rebellion) was a mistake, and it was a (decision based on) Ijtehad on behalf of Al-Husayn, and his desire to uphold justice and remove oppression.

It is not appropriate to label this (Al-Husayn ibn Ali’s actions) as ‘Khurooj’ (rebellion); due to the negative connotation associated with that term when referring to the Khawarij.

And it was considered by Ibn Aqeel, Ibn Al-Jawzi, and Ibn Razeen [*3], from the Hanbali and Al-Juweyni from the Shafi’i scholars, that they considered Al-Husayn’s actions as a form of Khurooj (revolt) against Yazeed ibn Muawiyah. And they used this as an evidence to support the permissibility of revolting against an unjust ruler. [*4]

(However,) the majority of the scholars of Ahlus-Sunnah disagree with this view, and thus consider that what Al-Husayn did was a mistake. The advice of the companions for Al-Husayn not to leave Makkah is supported by clear evidence and is the correct opinion without any doubt. Ibn Taymiyyah (also) mentioned like in Al-Furu’ of Ibn Muflih [*5], and Ibn Al-Qayyim, as in Al-‘Ilam Al-Muq’ieen [*6]: that generally, for most of the Fitan (trials) that occurred in the Muslim Ummah, the greatest reason has beem ‘the revolting against the rulers’.

This (is the thing we need to note), and then it is essential not to delve deeply into the story of Al-Husayn ibn Ali (رضي الله عنه), except to clarify that he indeed (in reality ) acted as a Mujtahid (a scholar capable of independent legal reasoning). Indeed, he did not intend to engage in fighting (against the oppressors) during his departure, and those who fought and killed him were indeed Dhalimeen (unjust people). He was indeed killed as a martyr and was oppressed.

May Allah be pleased with him and grant him His acceptance. It has been said, “The killing of Al-Husayn was a calamity, and we complain about it to Allah Alone. And Allah knows best.”

-by Shaikh Abdur Rahman bin Nasir Al-Barraak, as on 26th/Shawwal/1443 AH.

[*1] Abu Hafs Ubaidullah bin Zeyad bin Ubaid Ameer-ul-Iraq, he was the governor of Basra in 55 AH. He held this position for 22 years. He has a handsome face but and evil character. …. and the Muslims hated him for what he did with Al-Husain (رضي الله عنه). He killed Al-Husain on the day of Ashura on 67 AH. See Tareekh Ad-Dimashq (37/433), Siyar Alam An-Nubala (3/545).

[*2] See Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah (11/473) (11/494).

[*3] Abdur Rahman bin Razeen bin Abdul Azeez Al-Ghassani Al-Jaurani Ad-Dimashqi Saifuddin Abul-Faraj. He was a virtuous Faqeeh (scholar of Fiqh). From his books: At-Tahzeeb Fee Al-Ikhtisar Al-Mughni, Ikhtisar Al-Hidayah. He died as a martyr (In-Sha-Allah) by the swords of the Tartars (Mongols) in 656 AH. See Zayl Tabaqaat Al-Hanabilah (4/39), and Al-Maqsad Al-Arshad (2/88).

[*4] See: Al-Furu’ of Ibn Muflih (10/180), Al-Insaaf of Al-Mardawi (At-Turki Edition,27/85).

[*5] (10/81).

[*6] Mashoor Edition (5/64).

[Translated by Mohammed Manna.]

Arabic Source: https://sh-albarrak.com/article/23625#:~:text=%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%20%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A%20%D8%A3%D9%86%20%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%89%20%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%87,%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A3%D9%86%20%D9%85%D8%A7%20%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%87

It was reported that: Ibn As-Sammaak entered upon Haroon Ar-Rasheed (the Abbasid Caliph) one day, and while he was with him, Ar-Rasheed asked (his attendants) for some water. Someone brought him a cup of water, and when he was about to drink from it, Ibn As-Sammaak said to him, ‘Oh Ameer-ul-Momineen (Leader of the Muslims), please wait, I ask you by your nearness to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, if you were prevented from drinking this water (because of an ailment), how much would you be willing to pay for it?’ He replied, ‘With half of my kingdom.’ Ibn As-Sammaak said, ‘Then drink, may Allah bless it.’ After he drank, Ibn As-Sammaak asked him, ‘I ask you by your nearness to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, if you were prevented from excreting it out of your body, how much would you be willing to pay for it (to cure that condition)?’ Haroon Ar-Rasheed replied, ‘With all of my kingdom.’ Ibn As-Sammaak said, ‘A kingdom whose worth is (only) a sip of water is not worth competing for.’ Haroon Ar-Rasheed cried at this.

From Tareekh At-Tabari. (Translated by Mohammed Manna.)

With this short Naseehah (advice), Imam Ibn As-Sammaak wanted to remind the Caliph Haroon Ar-Rasheed about the fleeting nature of this world, and that he should always remember that the Akhirah (the afterlife) is the main purpose of our existence and not these kingdoms that are pettier than a small bowl of water.

HISTORY OF ISLAM
Recorded from the lecture of Manna Sir.

#Lecture 1 (2/9/2023)

First we discussed the importance of learning the Seerah of The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and The Khulafa Ar-Rashidoon.

Few things happened in islamic history like the murder of Uthman radiyallahu anhu which led to disputes among the Sahaba. Ahlus sunnah are in the middle. They neither go extremely in the love or hate of either Ali or Muawiyah (radiyallahu anhuma).
The Sahaba are not infallible however their mistakes are not like ours because we may have some ulterior motives, but we believe that all the Sahabah are Aadil (just).

Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) said: When a judge gives a decision, having tried his best to decide correctly (~Ijtihad) and is right, there are two rewards for him; and if he gave a judgment after having tried his best (to arrive at a correct decision) but erred, there is one reward for him. (Hadith)

Thus the issues between Ali and Muawiyah (رضي الله عنهما) occured because of their Ijtihad. We also believe that if they commit a mistake Allah azzawajal will forgive them because of their many virtues.

إِنَّ ٱلْحَسَنَٰتِ يُذْهِبْنَ ٱلسَّيِّئَاتِۚ ذَٰلِكَ ذِكْرَىٰ لِلذَّٰكِرِينَ
Verily, the good deeds remove the evil deeds (i.e. small sins). That is a reminder (an advice) for the mindful (those who accept advice). (Hud:114)

THE RIGHTLY GUIDED KHULAFAH

هُوَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُ‌و بِٱلْهُدَىٰ وَدِينِ ٱلْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُ‌و عَلَى ٱلدِّينِ كُلِّهِۧۚ
He it is Who has sent His Messenger (Muhammad ﷺ) with guidance and the religion of truth (Islam), that He may make it (Islam) superior over all religions. (Fath:28) (Even if the polytheists dislike it.)

One of the aims of Islam is to dominate over the entire world.

Allah Ta’la sent Prophet ﷺ with true religion those who follow it will be successful those who deviate will be destroyed. Nabi ﷺ explained the religion to us and after that he went back to Allah azzawajal.

It is importamt to have an Imaam (a leader) to succeed the messenger ﷺ. The one who succeeds a previous ruler, is a khalifah and he safeguards the religion and the worldly affairs of people.

After the death of Prophet ﷺ the ummah unanimously agreed that it is necessary to appoint a khalifah. No one deviated from this decision except for a group named khwarij and some people from mu’tazilah. Khwarij’s hallmark is that anyone who commits a major sin is out of Islam. Mu’tazilah believes that if naql (shari’ texts) contradicts aql then it is to be interpreted in a different way or to be rejected.

It is obligatory to appoint a khalifah over the muslims. All muslims unanimously agreed that it is not valid to have two khalifahs at the same time.

Sahih Muslim 1853
It has been narrated on the authority of Aba Sa’id al-Khudri that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: When oath of allegiance has been taken for two caliphs, kill the one for whom the oath was taken later.

WAY OF CHOOSING THE KHALIFAH

Ideal condition: The best heads of the country will form a small group having religious scholars, army commanders, financers, etc. They will come together and seek advice and counsel and they will select someone from inside or outside themselves . Then the one elected will be called a khalifah. (Unlike what happens in democracy.)

Sahih al-Bukhari 7146
Narrated `Abdur-Rahman bin Samura:

The Prophet (ﷺ) said, “O `Abdur-Rahman! Do not seek to be a ruler, for if you are given authority on your demand then you will be held responsible for it, but if you are given it without asking (for it), then you will be helped (by Allah) in it. If you ever take an oath to do something and later on you find that something else is better, then you should expiate your oath and do what is better.”

The concept of democracy is un-Islamic and a form of kufr Al-akbar as, in a democracy all the power of making laws fall in the hands of people. If the majority says we want alcohol it will be made permissible.

Caliphate is reserved for just one tribe: Quraish
Sahih al-Bukhari 7140
Narrated Ibn `Umar:
Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) said, “This matter (caliphate) will remain with the Quraish even if only two of them were still existing.”

***
After the Prophet ﷺ was born in Quraish their virtue increased. It is better that the leadership be only from quraish to avoid disunity.

PREREQUISITES FOR A CALIPH
– Knowledge of the shariah
– Aadil
– Competent enough to hold the position, courageous enough to wags wars, knowledgeable of the condition of the world.
– Physically and mentally sound.
– Male
– From the tribe of the Quraish

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ أَطِيعُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا۟ ٱلرَّسُولَ وَأُو۟لِى ٱلْأَمْرِ مِنكُمْ ۖ فَإِن تَنَـٰزَعْتُمْ فِى شَىْءٍۢ فَرُدُّوهُ إِلَى ٱللَّهِ وَٱلرَّسُولِ إِن كُنتُمْ تُؤْمِنُونَ بِٱللَّهِ وَٱلْيَوْمِ ٱلْـَٔاخِرِ ۚ
O you who have believed, obey Allāh and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. And if you disagree over anything, refer it to Allāh and the Messenger, if you should believe in Allāh and the Last Day.

Sahih al-Bukhari 7142
Narrated Anas bin Malik:
Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) said, “You should listen to and obey, your ruler even if he was an Ethiopian (black) slave whose head looks like a raisin.”

How can it be that an ethiopian slave becomes a ruler when rulership is only for quraish?
– Overpowering by force.

The ruler is to be obeyed even if he is a Non-Qurashi.
Some examples.
King Faisal Aal-Saud fulfilled the first 5 qualities except for the last one. He wasn’t from the Quraish. And since he was in power he was to be obeyed.
In india Aurangzeb fulfilled the 5 qualities but not that of being from Quraish but when he was in rule he was to be obeyed.

After the fall of Banu Umayyah and Banu Abbas we rarely had a caliph fulfilling all the six conditions.
If someone comes by force into leadership it won’t be upon the way of the system according to the one taught by the rightly guided Caliphate, yet obedience to such a ruler is obligatory.

If a ruler says deliver the alcohol to such and such a place, will we obey him?

Sahih al-Bukhari 2955
Narrated Ibn `Umar:
The ‘Prophet said, “It is obligatory for one to listen to and obey (the ruler’s orders) unless these orders involve one disobedience (to Allah); but if an act of disobedience (to Allah) is imposed, he should not listen to or obey it.”

We don’t defend the rulers in their wrongdoing we make dua for him and advise him in private.

Sahih al-Bukhari 7199, 7200
Narrated ‘Ubada bin As-Samit:
We gave the oath of allegiance to Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) that we would listen to and obey him both at the time when we were active and at the time when we were tired and that we would not fight against the ruler or disobey him, and would stand firm for the truth or say the truth wherever we might be, and in the Way of Allah we would not be afraid of the blame of the blamers

When is obedience to rulers cancelled/ picking up swords against him become permissible?

Conditions to rebel:
– Clear kufr/shirk Al-Akbar is proven
– People have enough military power to rebel against him
– To be sure or near sure whether such rebellion will bring bigger harm or benefit.

(If we see a ruler prostrating in front of a grave we have to ask him for an explanation whether it was ibadah or out of respect if it was ibadah it’s kufr akbar if it was out of respect it is a major sin. If a ruler believes alcohol is haram but drinks it he is committing a major sin but if a rulers says he doesn’t drink alcohol but it’s permissible to drink it then he has committed major kufr.)

If a second person claims rulership when one ruler is present in a nation, we can fight against him. These people are called bughaat (rebel), they are also called khwarij in books of fiqh.

Khwarij hold two meanings: bughaath and the one with the deviant aqeedah.

The majority opinion of the sahaba is that the khwarij (of Aqeedah) are muslims those who think major sins take one out of Islam.
Sahaba prayed behind khwarij.
Tablees Iblees book mentions 11/12 groups of khwarij.
Those who say sahabas are disbelievers then they are disbelievers.

ISIS are today’s khwarij they don’t reject hadith and claim to follow ahlus sunnah. However they claim major kufr for certain issues that are major sins.

Oman follows the extreme sect of khwarij, ibaadiyyah. They reject ahadith and even Qadr. Since they are peaceful no one’s at war with them. Outwardly they have a good appearance. They’re the oldest and longest ruling group of the Khawarij.

-Notes by Samreen Fatima.